Taylor Swift “Love Story” Analysis

The song â€Å"Love Story† was written and sung by Taylor Swift. It was published on September 12, 2008. Throughout â€Å"Love Story†, Taylor Swift, uses many poetic devices in the narrative in order to make the whole story and lyrics more enhanced as a whole.She creates an allusion comparing her love for a guy and that of Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, they are banned from seeing each other by their parents and they are willing to die in order to be together. Similarly, Taylor recounts the time she was told not to see the man she loved. So in her song, she compares this to Romeo and Juliet.Swift also used metaphors in â€Å"Love Story†. She says, â€Å"Cause you were Romeo, I was a scarlet letter†. She is comparing herself to a scarlet letter but there is also a relation between the scarlet letter and the story of Romeo and Juliet.They both tell the story of true love but they both involve misfortune. Another metaphor in this song is when Swift sa ys, â€Å"That you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles.† She is comparing the man she loves to Romeo. He was not actually Romeo, but just someone who was calling for her attention and love.Another poetic device Taylor Swift used is imagery. After a flash back to the time she met the man she loves, Swift recalls seeing â€Å"the lights†¦ the party, the ball gowns† and seeing him â€Å"make your way through the crowd and say hello†. Then it is also at the end of the song when he proposes to her she says, â€Å"He knelt to the ground and pulled out a ring†.Taylor Swift is able to evoke an image in the imagination of the listener by using descriptive language. Also, the audience members that have been in similar situations are able to connect with the song and the circumstances. Overall, Taylor Swift’s elegant use of poetic devices enhances the lyrics of â€Å"Love Story†.

A Weak Fiscal Lever

Economic management is The basic aim of any government in the world and its main policy objectives includes management of low and stable inflation, reduction in unemployment, maintain economic growth and to secure a favorable balance of payments.Fiscal lever is one of the main policy tools available to government to tackle economic downturn. According to Dornbusch, Fischer, and Startz, fiscal policy is the policy of the government with regard to the level of government purchases, the level of transfers, and the tax structures (Dornbusch, Fischer, and Startz 199).With all its significance, Fiscal lever should be very strong for stabilization of economy.High sensitivity of investment to interest rates and misunderstanding of policy makers to anticipate the need of particular crisis makes a fiscal policy weak and ineffective.A weak fiscal lever is the recipe to create inflation and retard private investment by higher interest rates that leads to arrest growth and development because low er investment means, the capital stock is also lower that leads to lower future incomes. Â  That is the condition of total breakdown of the structure of any economic system.A weak fiscal lever also creates social unrest by manipulation of resource allocation in the hands of government to fulfill their political priorities. It is well evident fact that if civil society will be dissatisfied by the policies the process of growth can not be carried out rather the crisis management can not be achieved. In other words weak fiscal lever can not help economy to get out of recession with all its traditional tools.Work CitedDornbush, Fisher, and Startz. Macroeconomics: McGraw-Hill, Singapore. 1999. Print

Strategic Planning Utilizing the Balanced Scorecard Assignment

Strategic Planning Utilizing the Balanced Scorecard - Assignment Example Vision and strategy statements often contain phrases such as superior or top class service or excellent product quality and so on. Often, these statements do not provide accurate meaning to internal and external stakeholders. Through the process of Balanced Scorecard, the management provides a clear-cut definition, for example, the top class service as 97 percent on-time delivery to customers. With this clarity, everyone concerned will focus and put their efforts to achieving the top class service rather than speculating on its abstract meaning. Scorecard provides a platform to translate the strategy overcoming vision barrier. Scorecard creates understandable measurement criteria that guide all employees to achieving desired goals. Customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and market share are the critical indicators that inform how close the company is to customers. The organization needs to create the performance drivers that not only measure the customer perspective but suggests the ways to improve upon them. Entirely new processes such as product development, production activities, or service capabilities may be considered in this perspective. The organization needs to create the performance drivers that not only measure the internal process perspective but suggests the ways to improve upon them. Skyline College’s vision statement is: "Skyline College inspires a global and diverse community of learners to achieve intellectual, cultural, social, economic and personal fulfillment" (Skyline College, 2014). Keeping in line with vision statement, several strategies of Skyline are in operation for achieving its goal. To know about the effectiveness of the strategies formulated, Skyline has devised several measures such as retention, persistence, all course success, basic skill course success, student-counselor ratio, and many more. Through these measuring criteria, it is possible to know

ADULT DEV CASE3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADULT DEV CASE3 - Research Paper Example Shreeve (2008) presented literature on educational models that are designed to solicit active participation from learners. The lecture-based learning (LBL) is the conventional method wherein information are conveyed through lecture and objective examinations (Shreeve, 2008). Critics of LBL presented that most students does not exhibit true learning, instead, they are more concerned on passing the objective examinations (Shreeve, 2008). On the other hand, adult-based learning (ABL) serves the purpose of imparting knowledge based on the adult’s need (Shreeve, 2008). Through recognition of the relevance of the topic to their lives, the adult learner can be more diligent in studying (â€Å"Adult Learning†). Another model cited by Shreeve (2008) is the problem-based learning (PBL), wherein the emphasis is on the adults as participants. In this model, the teacher acts as a simple coordinator, while the students are the ones responsible for initiating, diagnosing and concludin g the discussions (Shreeve, 2008). While the three models mentioned mostly dealt with people discussions and lectures, another model has its foundation based on experience. A Professor of Organizational Behavior, David Kolb formed experiential learning theory (ELT) in consideration to the works of renowned theorists Piaget, Dewey, and Lewin (Smith, 2001). ELT highlights the learner’s experience instead of focusing on the instructor (Shreeve, 2008). Another educational model which is relatively new, as described by Shreeve (2008) is Appreciative Inquiry (AI). In this method, a cycle is implemented wherein the learners are entitled to participate in a discussion. This method closely resembles PBL and ELT, the difference is that AI is leaned more on the positive side of every discussion (Shreeve, 2008). It also identifies the past and is more focused on developing potentials. Through examination of all educational models,

Auditing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Case Study Example altered year to year, these changes would create an inherent risk that Nathans Finance would not be able to meet those requirements and ultimately financial statement would not present the true and fair view. 1. There is a risk that there are no appropriate controls over revenue recording and the revenue of the next year is included in the current year’s figure which ultimately results in 42.5% increase in total sales. 3. There is a big increase in the revenue, but advertisement expense is only $53,445 in 2005 against $313,356 in 2006 (Nathans Finance NZ Limited, 2006). This may reveal control risk because this huge increase in advertisement expense may exposed that there are no related controls. Detection risk is a risk that the audit procedures performed by the auditor will not be able to detect and prevent the material misstatement in the financial statement. Some of the detection risks in Nathan Finance are mentioned below, 1. There is a big increase in the revenue, but advertisement expense is only $53,445 in 2005 against $313,356 in 2006 (Nathans Finance NZ Limited, 2006) auditor may not be able to detect the potentioal oversttement in the revenue. 2. Purchase of new vending machines for $11.32 million. It may either be fictitious or it may be leased asset. There is a greater risk that the auditor is unable to detect any potential fraud of error in this significant transaction. 3. Decrease in salaries and wages in comparison to last year may suggest that the management is concealing the expense to show higher profits, because in normal circumstances salaries expense increases. Audit procedures may fail to detect this potential error or fraud. 4. Increase in intercompany advances from $60.7 million to 79.6 million. This is related parties transaction and the management can create fictitious advance which would be difficult for the auditors to detect. 5. Sharp decrease in long-term finance receivables from $45.1 million to $34.07 million in 2006.

Nat Turner's Trial Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nat Turner's Trial - Case Study Example Second, Nat Turner also answered did not feel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection. Third, African Americans were considered the personal property of their purchasers and thus were curtailed of this basic rights as a free man or woman. Fourth, Nat Turner for knew that the only way to atone for his encouraging fellow African Americans to kill innocent men, women and children in their sleep was to accept the verdict of the court which would be hanging. Fifth, Nat Turner felt that he was given a fair trial under the white -favoring laws during the 1830s. First, Nat Turner answered that he did not feel so when asked whether he was not guilty of the case masterminding the murder of innocent white men, women, children including infants. He was arraigned in August 22, 1831. Some of the fifty five people murdered were Joseph Travers, his wife and their three children, Mrs. Elizabeth Turner, Hartwell Prebles, Sarah Newsome, Mrs. P Reese and her son William, Trajan Doyle and others. Some of Nat Turner's fellow African American co-conspirators that were also found guilty and sentenced by the same August 1831 court were Daniel who was owned by Richard Porter, Moses who was the property of J.T. Barrow, Nathan who was owned by Benj. Blunt's estate, Davy who was owned by Elizabeth Turner, Curtis and Stephen who were owned by Thomas Ridley and others. For, Nat Turner felt that his group overstepped their instructions from him by killing innocent women and children. Rightfully, Nat Turner answered that he did not feel so when asked whether he was not guilty of the case masterminding the murder of innocent white men, women, children including infants(Greenberg, 1996; p. 25-50). Second, Nat Turner also answered did not feel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection. It was against the law to rise up and disobey their masters. Similarly, people today have to follow the laws of the land or else they will meted the corresponding penalties, fines, prison terms or even death. For, Nat Turner felt that rising against their White American owners was his mission on earth. Nat Turner felt that he was destined to curve a name for himself in American history by being the leader who tried to free the African Americans from the tyranny and hard life of the White Americans during his younger days. Clearly, Nat Turner also answered did not f eel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection(Campbell, 1970, p. 20-35).Third, African Americans were considered the personal property of their purchasers and thus were curtailed of their basic rights as a free man or woman. The slaves did not have a ny freedom because they were forcibly kidnapped from Africa and sold as personal property to the white Americans. Today, the African Americans are free because the Northerners of Union forces defeated the Southerners or Confederate forces. Come to think of it, Michael Jordan, Michael Jackson and the boxer Muhammad Ali would still be slaves today had the Southerners run over the Northern forces. Ironically, the

Activism and the Nineteen-Sixties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activism and the Nineteen-Sixties - Essay Example The older generation, the ‘establishment’, was of the WWII period and operated under a nationalistic perspective.   They believed that to be a true patriot was to blindly follow the authority of the governmental powers that be, to support your ‘country’ even when you thought it was wrong.   The young college protesters, the ‘new generation’, the counter-culture redefined this notion of patriotism. They believed that to be truly patriotic was to question the decisions of government and openly dissent when it was judged to be wrong. The philosophical chasm was wide and emotions ran deep on both sides. Those that protested sacrificed much. They suffered the scorn of their parents who couldn’t understand why their children were rebelling against the very foundation of their parents’ beliefs thus causing what was referred to as the ‘generation gap.’ Some war protesters were killed by soldiers of the National Guard as was the case at Kent State and South Carolina State. The protesters and draft-dodgers were thought of as anti-American by the mainstream citizenry who regarded their actions as nothing short of treasonous. This attitude makes one wonder what the ‘greatest generation’ thought they were fighting for during WWII. They fought to defend freedom on foreign soil but were very much opposed to the constitutionally guaranteed right to peacefully assemble in their own country. The war protesters of the 1960s had the courage to act upon their political and philosophical convictions unlike those who are opposed to the Iraq War today. The two conflicts are eerily similar on many fronts yet the public reaction has been very dissimilar. Then as now, those opposed to the war are characterized as unpatriotic or as not supporting the troops, both of which, of course, is patently ridiculous concepts. The major difference is that the draft personalized the conflict for many more Americans. More families had a personal stake in the Vietnam War as opposed to the war in Iraq which only affects a small segment of the population.  

Public transport information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public transport information systems - Essay Example The plan for the journey should be chalked out in such a way that it will become very efficient for people to access it, moreover, with the system of electronic ticketing and all sorts of information regarding the fare. Background of Public Transport Information System In many developed and developing nations the need of an integrated public transport has been felt long ago and many countries including USA, UK, various other European countries, India, etc. governments of these countries have already installed the system in many of their cities and have made several plans for making the system more effective. For example, in UK the Government already had a 10 year plan that it will provide an integrated system of Public Transport Information System wherein people will gain in confidence on its service. In any country, this service is always based on based on the aim of providing clean, fair, efficient and safe mode of transportation. The key objective is to provide information all tim e on transport facilities by operators and authorities in charge of the public transport system. (Department of Transport, UK, pg. 2-3) In UK, there was a Public Transport Act of 2000 wherein it is said guidance has been detailed on how and how much information should be delivered, when asked, by local authorities and in what way the information should be made available to the customers. In this regard, the operators and the authorities should consult with the bus user groups and the traffic commissioner. (Department of Transport, UK, pg. 2-3) The information that is being delivered by the traffic operators and authorities are issued on paper but a great deal of information can be issued electronically. This will not only save time but also will deliver the information within the correct timeline, inclusive of all sorts of delay and incidents. On this purpose, equipments and systems has been routed for both buses and rails. (LIU p 1-2) In this regard, there are two types of informat ion. One is the Journey Planning Information and another being the In-Journey Information which includes information at stop or station. (LIU p 1-2) The information on Journey Planning is facilitated by a range of network owners and service provider websites and also from the National Railways Telephone enquiry service. In order to provide information on public transport through very often a series of regional centers linked with one another. Sometimes, in many countries, particularly in European countries, these regional centers are being run by a group of local authorities, bus operators and passenger transport executives who have partnership on the contract. These regional centers which provide information on local basis can be developed and linked together so as to enable service on national level with the provision of national real time information. (Nijkamp, p.137-139) In the other type of information system, called the In-Journey information, the system is based on real time information system which is being provided by the individual operators, which has been tested and proven in several trail sites. (Nijkamp, p.137-139) The development of the pubic information transport system frequently focuses on another key area of collation and delivery on information of fare so the passenger’

The Medici’s and their Art Essay Example for Free

The Medici’s and their Art Essay The Santa Maria Basilica facade resembles something out of the Arabian Nights. It is one of the most recognisable and authentic of the great basilicas in Florence. The basilica also houses some of the most important works of art in Florentine history. It attempts above all to create a relationship between science and art and in so doing, becomes the essence of Renaissance thought. Like many Renaissance and post Renaissance works in Florence, the Santa Maria Basilica or Basilica di santa Maria Novella was not only a product of intense artistic change, but also a product of one of the most important family cartels in artistic history. The name Medici is one that is synonymous with gracious buildings and immaculate architecture, as well as large amounts of money. When considering the Medici family, it must borne in mind that not only were they great architects and patrons, but they also had great power within the church. In fact the Medici family had more influence on most aspects of Florentine life, than any other family. They were and remain in history, the Renaissance version of the Rothchilds, Rockerfellers and Getty’s. This enigmatic family is one whose legacy remains in art history, not because of what they created, but because of what they encouraged. Who were the Medici? In order to better understand how and why the Medici family became so influential, we need to understand where they came from and what their social standing allowed them to achieve. The Medici family is associated with great wealth, but also with some controversy. The Medici family can be traced back to the 12th century and were not seen to be nobility but rather belonged to a line of the patrician class (Van Helden). By the 13th century the family had acquired great wealth through commerce and banking, something that leant itself to political power. Eventually the Medici family became a strong political force in Florence (Van Helden). This political power led to Salvestro de’Medici moving into high ceremonial office (otherwise known as gonfaliere). Salvestro, in the 14th century led a revolt with the ‘common people’, ultimately culminating in the Medici downfall. It was Giovanni di Bicci de’Medici who restored the family name to its former glory as well as even increasing their political prowess (Van Helden). Despite this historical discussion, there was of course, a line Medici’s with whom we are specifically concerned. It was Giovanni’s son who bore the children with whom the Renaissance is associated (Van Helden). It was also this family line in which murder would become a central interest. Guiliano and Lorenzo, the grandsons of Cosimo the elder and sons of Piero were killed and wounded respectively during an internal battle (Van Helden). The Medici family crest is recognisable wherever the Medici influence reaches. Among the distinguished Medici’s are Popes and Grand Dukes, meaning that the family as a whole stretched beyond simply the commercial and financial world. These were the Grand Dukes of Tuscany and to name but a few consisted of Cosimo I, Giovanni and Pietro. The Medici Popes included Clement VII and Leo X (Wikipedia). Indeed, to undertake a more involved discussion will be beyond the scope of this discussion and to this end is far too complicated. However, certain Medici members were of greater influence in the art world than others. The Legacy of the Medici The legacy of the Medici family is well known and remembered particularly due to their rise from ordinary or patrician’s to nobility. Perhaps most clearly of all, we see them as the creators who planted the seeds of modernity during a Renaissance that proved irrevocable in its changes. In fact the Renaissance as such appears to be â€Å"less as the rebirth or revival of a distant and glorious antiquity than as the origin and beginning of the modern world, the prototype of modern European civilisation. †(Garraty and Gay, 488). The Renaissance was not merely about the production and emancipation of art, but also about the creation of a modernised medicine, science and finance. The Medici were at the forefront of all three, with the Medici bank cleverly avoiding the fall of the economy following the Black Death (Garraty and Gay, 489). So far, we are able to ascertain that the Medici were a family of great political and economic concern but that the types of Medici also included clergymen, tyrants and nobility. We also know that with the amount of money available to the Medici, patronage was not only acceptable but expected. The legacy left by the Medici is not only financial and noble, but also available to us for viewing at any time we want. Patronage To be a patron of a specific form of art or indeed, any art, meant that you had great social standing and great wealth. To commission works of art was costly and time consuming, meaning that you were not only able to appreciate it, but that you could also afford ongoing work. Patronage was an important part of Italian Renaissance life, based on the societal norms and values. To patronise a community or an artist meant that you were not only gracious but also wealthy enough to put money into something that essentially did not create more wealth for you. Was this merely a status symbol or was there more to the practice of patronage than we believe at this stage? First of all, patronage included the embellishment and growth of public buildings and artefacts (Annenberg Media). Art during the Renaissance required the outside and the inside to both resemble works of art in different mediums. Brunelleschi and Botticelli were two of the best known artists patronised by the Medici and who uphold the proposition of art as an interior and an exterior (Anneberg Media). The Medici remained the forerunners of artistic patronage mainly because of their love of the extravagant and larger than life lifestyles (Harness). I can thus, given their humble beginnings, understand why the Medici might want to share their wealth with the rest of the world by virtue of creating beautiful surroundings that the public could also enjoy. Although this may be difficult to assimilate given the previous feudal system, it is perhaps relevant to note that the Black Death incited what is known today as philanthropy. Philanthropists generally enjoy alleviating pain and suffering through the aid that they are able to meter out to their fellow humans. Prior to the Renaissance, this was perhaps not a common occurrence, but like AIDS today, the Black Death knew no boundaries. It affected whoever, wherever. For this reason, perhaps it became more necessary to attend to the needs of other people. It was also important to the merchant community of Florence, to spread the education of art, science and mathematics (Harness). Hence the saying that knowledge is power comes to mind. It is also notable, that a patron becomes more politically popular if they uphold the growth of knowledge for their minions as well as providing an income for those who would largely find their career difficult to pursue. The purpose of this civic duty became, although not perhaps initially intended to, a political tool to provide trust between the civil servant and the government (Trexler, 27). In a sense, it was meant to bridge the gap of inequality but was not altogether successful, creating a great deal of stress for the patron (Trexler, 28). â€Å"This sub-governmental system was the patronage network, the everyday lines of communication regulating social relations. In this network, as in formal government, men styled themselves each others true amici, and despised the love of the merchant: You help me, and Ill help you. †Ã¢â‚¬ (Trexler, 27-28). The Medici Crest Above on Figure 1 is a basic picture of the Medici family crest. It shows six balls of red placed in an oval shape upon a mustard yellow background. The Medici â€Å"balls† as they became sarcastically known as were not only a feature emblazoned on all Medici buildings, but also one that became known for its overt publicity. Rivals of the Medici were outraged at the Medici blazon being so clearly visible to the public and thought it to be in rather bad taste (Fillipo). Despite this, the blazon’s origin is surrounded by much debate although it is clearly visible on all Medici buildings. One thought on the origin is that the balls represent either coins (merchant origins) or pills (medical origins) based on the Medici practices and occupations. Some believe that rather than it being swathed in apothecary history, it is the sign of Arte del Cambio, a guild of moneychangers and exchangers (Fillipo). Nonetheless, this blazon has become well known as the essential historical beginnings of the merchant bank. Below is an example of how the Medici blazon is used on buildings that were built on Medici money. The Medici Artists Artists who were patronised by the Medici included the aforementioned Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Donatello, Fillipino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Brunelleschi. These all make up some of the greatest names in Florentine art history. It pays to note that all of the above artists were great names and we need to not how much of this greatness might have been due to the presence of the Medici. Fillipo Brunelleschi Fillipo Bru nelleschi had a love-hate relationship with Cosimo de’Medici, despite completing many works with the man. Brunelleschi, along with artist Ghiberti vied for the artistic attentions of Cosimo, but did not always win the bids. He created for Cosimo, the Santa Maria Novella sculpture, the Crucifix and the Santa Maria del Fiore cupola alongside arch-rival Ghiberti. His bid for the design of the Pallazzo was overturned in favour of his pupil Michelozzo (Provincia di Firenze). Allesandro Botticelli Botticelli served as an apprentice to a goldsmith and is thought to have become the closest of all artists to the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Botticelli is famed as having painted the interior of the Santa Maria Novella with a fresco of the Adoration of the Magi, in which he painted three Medici’s as the Kings: Cosimo, Guiliano and Giovanni (Pottinger, 118). However, his relationship with the Medici was not with Cosimo, but with Lorenzo, a member of a different branch of the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was supported by Lorenzo in his early career, although it is largely agreed that Medici neglected the talents of the young Da Vinci (Pottinger, 119). Michelangelo, similarly fell under the patronage of Medici, given his tutorship with another Medici artist Ghirlandaio (Pottinger, 119). Medici therefore did support the earlier careers of the two geniuses that would become the greatest artists of the later Renaissance period. Domenico Ghirlandaio Ghirlandaio is best known as the first of Michelangelo’s esteemed teachers. He also became known, like Botticelli, for his reverence towards Lorenzo. This was seen in his subjects’ likenesses to the man who patronised him (Pottinger, 117). The Refectory of the Ognissanti shows a fresco of the Last Supper with such likenesses present. The Sassetti Chapel at Santa Trinita also reveals this portraiture although his painting remains in the earlier style of Renaissance painting. Ghirlandaio did not enjoy painting women and found the male form far more intriguing. This is seen in the Santa Maria Novella choir paintings of the Tornabuani family, where the female features, though still beautiful, are considered lifeless (Pottinger, 117). Fillipino Lippi Lippi was one of Botticelli’s proteges and shows the style of Botticelli very well. Working primarily for Cosimo, Lippi landed himself in a number of problems due to his insatiable appetite for the gentler sex. In fact, working for Cosimo meant that commissions had to be done under the watchful eye of the Medici to prevent his romantic pursuits that led to melancholic intervals where he refused to leave his room (Life of an Artist). Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) Donatello was a close friend of Cosimo de’Medici and for this reason he was assigned the painting of the frieze in the Palazzo Medici (Pottinger, 132). He recreated the antique cameo’s to provide a divine and luscious frieze and roundels (Pottinger, 132). He apprenticed under Ghiberti, another famous and interactive artist in the Italian Renaissance. Donatello sculpted the figure of the dead pirate Baldassare Cossa in bronze, for Cosimo (Devillier Donegan). What we have in the above discussion, is a list of some of the finest artists not only of the Renaissance, but of all time. The pertinence of this is the reach that the Medici had as the proponents of fine art. The abovementioned artists are all quite different both in character and in style, but all contributed to some of the most famous and revered works in history. It is notable that the Medici are credited with finding and upholding this classicism as well as reaching for a new and modernised world. The artists also all contributed to the arts in different ways: sculptors, painters, inventors and architects. Medici Buildings Touring Florence, I became irrevocably aware of the influence of the Medici on architecture and art of that period. What is most fascinating is the length and breadth of the ability of the Medici to make them memorable and also to make art something of great value. The crest of the Medici is visible all around Florence, in churches, libraries and museums. The Medici performed the same tasks as other great personalities such as Peter the Great of Russia and the Athens of Pericles. It was this influence that I noticed beyond all, that this family had the ability and the motivation to create a Florence that would last it must be said, longer than the previously mentioned empires. Not only have they succeeded in producing the future and the past in one capsule, but they have also managed to preserve their legacy. We have a lot to be grateful for in terms of being able to make contact with our past through the works that the Medici sponsored.

Perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition Essay Monopoly and monopolistic competitions, basic concepts monopoly  means a  market situation  in which there is only a single seller and large no. of buyers. whereas  monopolistic competition  is a market situation in which there is large no. of sellers and large no. of buyers. in monopolistic competition, close substitutes are there in the sense that products are different in terms of size, colour,packaging,brand,price etc. as in case of soap,toothpaste etc. but in monopoly, there is no close substitute of the good,if any, it will be a remote substitute like in India, Indian railways has its monopoly but its remote substitutes are present like bus and air service. in monopolistic competition, there is aggressive advertising but in monopoly, there is no advertising at all or a very little. in monopolistic competition,demand curve faced by the firm is more elastic because of availability of close substitutes. it means if a firm raises its price, it will loose its large market share as customers in large will shift to close substitutes present in the market. But in monopoly, the demand curve faced by the firm is less elastic because of no close substitutes. if means if the firm raises its price, demand will not fall in a large quantity as it is only one in the market. u have to understand that the four different kinds, perfect, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly are on a spectrum with perfect and monopoly on the extremes, monopolistic is very similar to perfect, and monopoly is different that its a hard market to enter, because theres very few firms and require a big budget to get started. look up the graphs for these competitions and you should have a better understanding MONOPOLY IN TELECOMMUNICATION . Competition in Telecommunications Services Experience has demonstrated that free and open competition benefits individual consumers and societies as a whole by ensuring lower prices, new and better products and services, and expanded consumer choice. The benefits of competition are readily seen in todays telecommunications sector. Dynamic technological change is resulting in new services and systems that provide innovative solutions to communications needs across the globe. As a result, telecommunications is becoming increasingly important to the efficiency and effectiveness of private and public sector institutions. In this environment of rapid change, a competitive marketplace will tap the potential of the telecommunications sector to serve the economic and social well-being of all citizens. BENEFITS OF COMPETITION Free and open competition benefits individual consumers and the global community by ensuring lower prices, new and better products and services, and greater consumer choice than occurs under monopoly conditions. In an open market, producers compete to win customers by lowering prices, developing new services that best meet the needs of customers. A competitive market promotes innovation by rewarding producers that invent, develop, and introduce new and innovative products and production processes. By doing so, the wealth of the society as a whole is increased. In a competitive environment, businesses that fail to understand and react to consumer needs face the loss of customers and declining profits. A policy framework to establish, foster, and regulate competition is critical to the delivery of benefits expected and demanded by consumers. In other words, competition rewards entrepreneurship, responsiveness, and enthusiasm; it punishes sluggishness and indifference. Because of the increasing importance of the telecommunications sector to the overall economy, countries can ill afford the sluggishness and indifference that so often characterize the provision of products and services under monopoly conditions. As developments in technology continue to produce efficient and exciting communications services, societies may be significantly disadvantaged if they forego the rewards of entrepreneurship and responsiveness associated with open, competitive telecommunications markets. POLICY GOALS TO ACHIEVE COMPETITIVE MARKETS In order to achieve the benefits of competition described above, governments and regulators must establish an appropriate policy framework to govern the telecommunications sector. First, governments should remove legal barriers that protect existing monopoly providers from competition by new entrants. Second, policymakers should take affirmative steps to promote competition in sectors of the market that were previously closed to competition. Examples of these steps include adopting policies that encourage multiple methods and modes of market entry. Third, policymakers should consider introducing competitive safeguards to protect against the exercise of market power by incumbent carriers during the transition to competition. The most fundamental of these competitive safeguards involves regulation of the terms and conditions governing interconnection with the existing monopoly providers network. In the United States, although important steps were made to promote competition in the telecommunications sector prior to passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the law firmly established the intent to provide for a pro-competitive, deregulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. EFFECTS OF COMPETITION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR The benefits of introducing competition in telecommunications markets are apparent in all segments of the telecommunications market. For instance, competition in the United States and many other countries in long distance and international telecommunications services has led to a dramatic decline in consumer rates for these services, as well as a dramatic increase in demand and a substantial increase in investment. International telecommunications services can be particularly important to the development of a stable and robust economy linked to the global marketplace. The 1997 WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services ushered in a new era for telecommunications competition in many countries of the world. As part of that agreement, 72 countries have made commitments to open their telecommunications markets to foreign suppliers of basic telecommunications services. As these countries implement their commitments, dramatic change has occurred in their telecommunications markets. In many countries, there are several new providers of international and domestic telecommunications services, and prices are dramatically lower. As a result, increased competition has led to lower international settlement rates in many countries which, in turn, has led to lower calling prices for consumers. Lower calling prices means that people can afford to make more calls, more often, creating closer ties between family and friends in different countries and strengthening business relationships. Thus, introducing competition in international telecommunications markets produces benefits throughout a countrys economy. In addition, as part of the WTO Agreement, 49 countries made commitments to open their satellite service markets. These commitments have helped increase the ability of global and regional satellite providers to obtain the requisite authorizations for their systems. Similarly, in many countries private investment and competition in the provision of terrestrial wireless telecommunications infrastructure has led to declining prices for, and widespread use of, wireless telephone service. In areas where teledensity can increase, moreover, price reductions may expand the number of households that can afford service. This increased demand may make build-out decisions more attractive. For example, in Chile, lower prices increased traffic by 260% from 1994 to 1997. In 1987, there were 6. 7 phones per 100 households in Chile; this number rose to 11 in 1992 and to 15. 2 in 1996. As lower prices stimulate greater demand, an overall increase in revenues results despite additional providers in the market. In the U. S. long distance market, lower prices, in combination with an expanding market for services, have offset revenue loss from price reductions and the decrease in market share. For example, while ATTs long distance market share fell from 90% in 1984 to 45% in 1997, its revenues increased from $35 billion to $40 billion during this same period. Thus, although ATT lost market share, its revenues increased in a competitive marketplace. The benefits from introducing competition in international and domestic telecommunications markets can be fully realized, however, only when market participants have the incentive to compete vigorously to attract the greatest amount of business. It has been the U. S.experience that these incentives exist only where there is open entry into the telecommunications services market. Where entry is limited, or where only one or two new entrants are allowed to compete against the incumbent carrier, the benefits of competition are limited as well. For instance, when cellular telephone service was first introduced into the United States in the 1980s there were only two licensees in each market. As a result, prices remained relatively high and demand was more limited. After additional licenses were authorized in each market, priced dropped, new services were introduced and demand exploded. BUILDING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR AS A PART OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Developing countries face many infrastructure challenges. While roads, water, and electricity are obvious fundamental requirements, development of a strong communications and information system is vital for the country to survive and prosper. As global developments increasingly push competition and its benefits, developing countries can realize these benefits in part through encouraging the establishment of an indigenous telecommunications sector. And one highly effective way to achieve this is to promote and nurture the growth of small and entrepreneurial entities within that sector. The United States experience provides some insight. Historically, most of the cutting- edge commercial and technology breakthroughs in the United States have been developed by individual entrepreneurs or small businesses, from Alexander Graham Bell to Bill Gates. Additionally, Americas 22 million small businesses produce more than half of the nations gross domestic product, and businesses employing fewer than twenty people have created all 99.99 percent of the nations new jobs in recent years. Such a phenomenal success story is due not only to the free enterprise system and profit motive, but also to a carefully developed government policy of supporting and nurturing small businesses. The U. S. has implemented numerous federal programs to assist small businesses in harnessing the engines of economic growth and innovation loan guarantee programs, technical assistance programs, investment programs, anti- discrimination regulatory programs, outreach efforts, information and training programs. Congress established the Telecommunications Development Fund, some $25 million, to invest in promising new telecommunications businesses. Obviously the environment and situation of most developing countries is quite different from that in the United States, and overcoming an embedded monopoly telecom provider is something weve never had to do. Still, some basic steps privatizing, establishing an independent regulator, developing helpful tax and labor laws, a willingness to waive regulatory and filing requirements to the extent possible can produce great benefits. A developing country could make it a condition for foreign carriers and operators serving seeking to provide service to (or within) its territory to undertake efforts to promote or support indigenous and start-up businesses. Supporting the growth of small and entrepreneurial telecom businesses by various means can lead to permanent economic gains for developing nations economies, and to full participation in the global telecom marketplace. METHODS OF INTRODUCING COMPETITION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR Restricting methods and modes of entry can cause investment distortions and result in higher prices to consumers. It is by allowing the marketplace to select preferred approaches that policymakers encourage efficient entry. Three methods are typically used to introduce competition into the telecommunications sector: * Facilities-based competition * Unbundling of network elements * Resale In addition, a technologically neutral policy fosters innovative systems and alternative facilities designed to meet the needs of the marketplace. For example, the construction of a wireless network may be more appropriate in some markets than the development of a competing wireline carrier. Facilities-Based Competition. When a new entrant constructs a network using its own facilities to reach its customers (i. e. , without using the incumbent carriers network), that type of entry is commonly referred to as full facilities-based competition. By developing a new network, a facilities-based competitor is not constrained by existing, possibly obsolete embedded plant and instead can install the newest, most efficient technology. As a result, the competitor will be able to supply new or additional services such as faster transmission and switching speeds or higher bandwidth capacity, and may be able to do so at lower costs than the incumbent. Facilities-based competitors not only directly benefit their customers but also create competitive pressure for the incumbent to upgrade its network. In addition, facilities-based entry allows the marketplace to drive competition with less regulatory presence. As discussed more fully below, full facilities-based entrants still require interconnection for the mutual exchange of traffic with other providers. New entrants customers need to be able to communicate with subscribers on other networks, especially the incumbents network where the majority of users obtain their service. Without the ability to interconnect on fair terms, a new facilities-based competitor cannot survive. Use of Unbundled Network Elements While full facilities-based competition has many advantages, it may not always be practical for a new entrant to construct an entire network. For example, it may be economically feasible to construct switching and long distance facilities but infeasible to construct local loops or last mile facilities that connect to customer locations. This might be due to economies of scale or the practical difficulties associated with acquiring needed rights-of-way. Thus, a second entry route is one in which the new entrant constructs portions of a network and purchases access to the relevant essential facilities of the incumbent providers network, such as the local loop. This method of entry is referred to as using unbundled network elements, and typically must be required by law or regulation. Entry through the use of unbundled network elements has a number of important advantages. First, it reduces entry barriers by allowing new entrants to begin offering service without having to construct an entire network. Second, on a longer term basis, it prevents the incumbent carrier from exploiting any residual monopoly power that may arise through remaining economies of scale or from the practical difficulties of obtaining needed rights-of-way, antenna sites for wireless systems, etc. Third, it allows new entrants additional avenues of innovation. For example, new entrants can purchase unbundled loops from the established carrier and use them with entirely different types of technologies (e. g. , packet switches based upon Internet Protocol (IP)) than those employed by the incumbent carrier. In this arrangement, consumers benefit from these new and better services and additional choices that competition provides. Regulatory intervention is necessary in order to require the incumbent carrier to unbundle its network and to price the resulting elements at economically efficient prices. More specifically, incumbents should be required to provide any requesting telecommunications carrier non-discriminatory access to elements of the incumbents network on an unbundled basis on rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory. Incumbents should be required to provide any reasonable method of interconnection, including physical collocation or virtual collocation, or interconnection at a point between the incumbents and new entrants network. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 identified a minimum list of network elements that incumbent local exchange carriers must unbundle. These network elements include: local loops, network interface devices, local and tandem switching capabilities, interoffice transmission facilities, signaling and call-related databases, operations support systems, and operator services and directory assistance facilities. In addition, new entrants should have access to pole lines, ducts, conduits, and rights-of-way owned or controlled by the incumbent. Resale In the telecommunications context, resale occurs when competitors obtain a service at a discounted or wholesale rate from the underlying, established carrier and then sell the service to their own customers. Resale can serve a multi-faceted role in promoting and sustaining competition in telecommunications services. Resale may be an effective entry vehicle for new entrants that may initially lack the necessary capital to build their own networks. Resale may also allow small competitors, which will not become facilities-based providers, to offer service. In addition, resellers may stimulate usage of the incumbents network, and thus may benefit the incumbent facilities-based provider and further growth of the entire sector. Moreover, this competition may help to keep prices lower for consumers, increase consumer choice, and ultimately stimulate economic growth. Experience in the U. S. long distance market suggests that resale can yield significant public benefits. Resale competition takes the form of arbitrage, where a reseller purchases a large number of minutes at a quantity discount and resells them to small customers at prices lower than the retail prices otherwise available to those customers. By providing affordable prices for the customer, resellers stimulate demand and thus compel facilities-based carriers to bring their prices closer to actual costs. At the same time, the increased competition from resellers expands the availability of innovative services, such as new billing terms and alternative rate structures. In particular, resellers can create consumer value by creating different billing plans or targeting their marketing to under-served groups within the community. Many countries have committed to a policy of resale as part of the WTO Basic Telecommunications Agreement to provide market access for basic telecommunications services. For smaller countries, resale provides some of the benefits of competition even if the total amount of telecommunications traffic generated is insufficient to attract multiple facilities-based carriers. Resellers may resell an entire service without modification, which is referred to as Total Service Resale. Resellers may also choose to obtain some services from the underlying carrier and combine them with services that they provide themselves. For example, a carrier may offer long distance services using its own switching facilities but lease long haul facilities from the incumbent provider. Resale also allows providers to offer bundles of different services without actually constructing the necessary facilities. By doing so, they can achieve certain economies in terms of marketing while providing a package of services for the convenience of their customers. For example, a local exchange carrier can offer long distance services without constructing long haul facilities. Similarly, a carrier offering both local and long- distance services could add mobile services to its package without constructing its own wireless network. In many industries resale occurs as a natural part of the development of markets. However, in telecommunications, a dominant carrier may be required by law or regulation to make its services available for resale. In particular, a regulatory requirement may be necessary to force the underlying carrier to offer services at a wholesale rate. In a competitive market, however, some providers may find a source of revenue in the provision of services on a wholesale basis. This often occurs when the facilities-based carrier has excess capacity on its network. In the U. S. long distance market, some carriers have constructed nationwide fiber-optic networks with the intent of offering transmission services on a wholesale basis to other carriers. Real market experience has shown that resale can spur competition. The growth of competition in the U. S. long distance market resulted from a combination of the facilities-based and resale competition models. From the early stages of long distance competition, facilities-based providers and resellers have actively competed against one another. This approach resulted in more affordable rates, new service offerings, and numerous new entrants. Despite the obvious benefits of resale, it has limitations. First of all, the reseller is limited to a greater or lesser extent by the technical features and functions of the underlying carriers network. This limits the ability of the reseller to innovate. Second, resale alone does not put competitive pressure on wholesale rates and services because the underlying carrier may not be subject to competitive pressures to innovate at the wholesale level. This means that the regulator must retain some degree of control over the pricing, terms and conditions of the wholesale offering. INTERCONNECTION, THE KEY TO COMPETITIVE SUCCESS The key to competition within telecommunications services is the ability of networks to interconnect. Interconnection allows communications to occur across networks, linking competitors so customers of different networks can communicate with one another. For competition to be successful at maximizing consumer benefits and innovation in the telecommunications market, carriers that compete for customers must also provide competitors with access to those customers. Shared access to customers occurs through interconnection, and access to all customers is necessary both for successful entry and for continued competition. If the incumbent, with the vast majority of customers, does not interconnect with new entrants, it is unlikely that the new entrants will remain economically viable. A regulatory framework is needed to aid in the transition from a monopoly environment to a competitive environment because a monopoly or dominant provider has a strategic interest to keep out or minimize competitors in its market. As a result, the monopoly or dominant provider has a strong incentive to limit interconnection. Therefore, a regulator that is independent of any operator and of inappropriate political influence should adopt rules that give new entrants bargaining strength equal to the incumbents. The price of interconnection (or transport and termination), for example, could serve as a significant barrier to entry for new networks. An incumbent monopolist has an incentive to demand a high price to terminate calls originating on a new entrants network and pay nothing for calls originating on its own network. In the United States, transport and termination charges are reciprocal and based on the long run incremental cost of providing the transport and termination on the incumbents network. Thus, the primary purpose of mandated interconnection is to foster a competitive environment that is fair to all competitors. Because the incumbent service provider has the vast majority of customers, a new entrant must be able to interconnect in order to provide full access to its customers. Without the ability to interconnect, new entrants would be severely restricted in their ability to compete with the incumbent. REGULATORY TOOLS FOR PROTECTING AGAINST THE EXERCISE OF MARKET POWER DURING THE TRANSITION TO COMPETITION Special problems may arise when a telecommunications carrier with monopoly power in the provision of a particular service or facility wants to offer a competitive service that is dependent upon the use of the monopoly service or facility. This may occur, for example, where competition has been introduced in the long distance and international markets but the local market remains a monopoly. The two problems are cost- shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination. The first problem arises if the monopoly service is regulated on a rate-of-return (profit) basis. If so, there is an incentive for the carrier with monopoly power to shift costs from the competitive service to the monopoly service. Shifting costs in this manner artificially raises the price of the monopoly service and allows the carrier to charge below-cost rates for the competitive service. This results in the captive customers paying above- cost rates for the monopoly services and hampers the development of a viable market for the competitive services. An example of this situation could occur when a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services wants to enter the long distance market or information services market. The second problem occurs when control over an essential service or facility necessary for a competitive service enables the monopoly carrier to discriminate in favor of its own competitive offering. For example, a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services has the incentive to discriminate in favor of its own long distance or information service. This discrimination may manifest itself in the form of better quality interconnection or faster installation times for needed facilities or services. What follows is an overview of some of the tools that are available to policymakers and regulators to discourage or prevent cost-shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination. These tools or techniques can be used alone or in combination. The more stringent techniques may be appropriate when and where the threat is greatest. Less stringent techniques may be appropriate as competition takes hold in the previously monopolized market. Outright Prohibition on Providing the Competitive Product or Service One technique for preventing a carrier with monopoly power from cross-subsidizing and discriminating in the provision of a competitive service is to prohibit the carrier from entering the competitive market. Outright prohibitions have been and are being used in the United States. For example, the original agreement (Consent Decree) that led to the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies from ATT prohibited the former from certain activities, including the provision of certain long distance services and information services. Under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Bell Operating Companies are prohibited from offering long distance services and alarm services until certain conditions are met. While outright prohibition prevents cross-subsidization and discrimination, it may also deny the public the benefits of possible economies of scale or scope that may be derived if the carrier is allowed to provide the competitive service. Outright prohibition may also deny the public the benefits of innovation that might come from the participation of the monopoly carrier in the competitive market. Price Caps for Regulated Monopoly Services. The incentive to shift costs from a competitive service to a monopoly service exists under profit regulation. Under price cap regulation, the prices of the monopoly services are capped (indexed to inflation and expected productivity increases). Price cap regulation has a number of advantages, including incentives for the carrier to be more efficient. It also discourages the monopoly provider from shifting costs from the competitive activity to the monopoly activity, because if the price of the monopoly service is capped, there is no incentive to shift costs from the competitive service to the monopoly service. Separate Subsidiary Requirement Under this requirement, the carrier with monopoly power is allowed to provide the competitive service, but only through a separate subsidiary or affiliate. The separate subsidiary requirement is combined with an obligation that the monopoly carrier treat the affiliated company no better than it treats unaffiliated providers of the competitive service. In other words, the monopoly carrier must deal with the affiliate on an arms- length basis. The regulator has the ability to control the degree of separateness. Examples of the requirements for separateness can include requirements that the monopoly provider and its affiliate: * Maintain separate books of account * Utilize separate officers and personnel * Employ separate marketing activities * Not share common equipment or facilities * Adhere to certain restrictions on information flows that would unfairly benefit the competitive affiliate In addition, a typical requirement is that if the affiliate must obtain any transmission services from the monopoly provider, it must do so on a tariffed basis. Tariffing Requirements Tariffing is a fundamental technique traditionally used to protect users (both consumers and other carriers) against discrimination. Tariffing requires the regulated monopolist to file tariffs explaining its service rates, terms and conditions with the regulatory agency and to adhere to those rates, terms and conditions once the tariff is filed. Through the tariff and enforcement processes, which include opportunities for public comment, the regulator has some ability to prevent cross-subsidization and discrimination. Accounting Separation A requirement to maintain separate books of account can be adopted even without the imposition of a separate subsidiary requirement. Accounting separation typically requires the regulated monopoly provider to set up and maintain separate books of account for the competitive activity and to adhere to prescribed methods of separating costs. This provides a degree of protection against cross-subsidization. Imputation Requirements. An imputation requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to charge the same amount for a service or facility provided to a competitive affiliate or operation that it charges to an unaffiliated provider, and to include that amount in the price it charges for the competitive service. Service Quality Reporting Requirements A service quality reporting requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to collect date and report on the quality of the services provided to both affiliated and unaffiliated competitors. This helps regulators detect and correct discrimination in the provision of essential services or facilities to competitors. Resale Requirements As discussed earlier, a resale requirement has a number of advantages in promoting competition. Resale can also help prevent cross-subsidization. For example, where a carrier has market power in the provision of switched services but there is competition in the provision of private lines, the carrier may try to increase the price of the switched service in order to cross-subsidize and thus under-price its private line offering. If the carrier is required to allow the resale of the private line offerings, however, entrepreneurs could combine the private lines with their own switching, and undercut the prices of the monopolists switched service offering. This has the effect of discouraging the carrier with market power from engaging in cross-subsidization. Unbundling Requirements An unbundling requirement forces the regulated monopolist to make network elements available to competitors on an unbundled basis under rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory. To provide incentives for entry, the price of an unbundled element should equal the long run incremental cost of providing the element. Unbundling was discussed earlier as a way of lowering entry barriers and promoting innovation, but it also guards against anti-competitive tying arrangements, which arise when the monopolist requires a customer (e. g. , a competitor) to buy something unneeded as a condition of acquiring an essent.

The Greatest Happiness Principle

The Greatest Happiness Principle John Stuart Mill a born utilitarian, dedicated all his life explaining the teachings of his father, James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. He studied Greek, Arithmetic, Latin, Logic, Philosophy and Economic theory from a legal official to a writer and philosopher to a parliamentarian; he enjoyed a position of an original thinker. His major work includes, system of logic, Principles of political economy, Essays of liberty, and Consideration of representative government, utilitarism and an autobiography and 3 essays on religion. PHILOSOPHY He defended and found an ethics which would elaborate and define the utilitarian principle of Bentham that the object of morality is the promotion of the greatest happiness of the maximum number of members of society and that happiness is a balance between pleasure over pains. Unlike Bentham he does not believes in quantification of pleasures plus he adds that mental pleasures are superior then physical pleasures. He tries to formulate a bridge between individual psychological hedonism to universal psychological hedonism, by introducing the concept of sanctions. He says that sanctions come for with in and pleasure felt when the moral law is obeyed and pain felt when it is violated. Thus by virtue of these sanctions Mill bridges the psychological hedonism theory with the moral hedonistic theory that is everyone desires his own happiness with that every one ought to do so to act in public interest. TEACHINGS / EXPLANATIONS. Doctrine of utility / greatest happiness principle: Actions are right as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Quantification of pleasures is not important but quality does matter. Mental pleasure are superior to physical facilities. Pleasures of the higher faculties are preferable to lower faculties. Choosing a lower pleasure then the light mental pleasures involves lack of access, time or availability nevertheless it does not drop the worth of higher pleasures then the lower. Greatest happiness principle, ultimate end is to attend the greatest of pleasures and the least of pain, secured to all mankind and not to one alone. Main constituents of a satisfied life and tranquility and excitement. Each individuals happiness is equal to any other person self sacrifice are worthy of being good as they promote general happiness although they may deny individual happiness. Greatest happiness principle rule judges sanction the conduct but is not a motive for conduct. Feeling for humanity provides sanction for the principle of utility which is the internal sanction and a powerful and sound basis for utilitarian mortality. Summary: The Greatest Happiness Principle John Stuart Mill From Great Traditions in Ethics by Albert Denise Peterfreund LIFE IMMANUEL KANT, 17TH century philosopher lived singularly by a strict routine all his life remained in Kongsberg, East Prussia. The Kant family was religious and Kant was thus sent to prepare for the ministry. He developed interest in philosophy and natural sciences. He was appointed professor at the university in 1770. His writings General History and theory of the heavens critique of pure reason, critique of judgment, the fundamental principles of the metaphysics of moral and the critique of practical reason prove him to be a critical philosopher, who tried to explore scientific principles and their foundations. He also took interest in American and French revolutions. PHILOSOPHY Kant gives the principle of causality as one of the categories of understanding. A valid moral principle must be independent of the empirical data of morality if it is binding upon all man. Universal obligations and moral laws should have consistency, i-e: they should be able to apply on all individuals without discrimination. Categorical imperative is the only basis for determining duties. Reason prescribes duty and moral law holds whether or not mean actually follow it. TEACHINGS According to Kant, all good things should have a basic foundation of, good will to make them good. A good will should not be a means to achieve good but the sole motive behind every good. Reason does not destine happiness but only good will. Good will lead human action is morally worthy and duty guided by good will rather then inclination and self interest is morally correct. Difference between praise worthy behavior from moral actions or duty, is inclination derives a person for an actions targeting some self interest, while duty only targets good will. 1st ethical proposition: duty defines a moral act. 2nd proposition: duty is not result oriented. Definition of duty: Duty is done out of reverence from the law. Categorical imperative rational beings would always by guided by ethical principles. Categorical imperative: not destined to particulars consequence. Hypothetical imperative: destined to particular consequences. Categorical imperative: needs the principle of consistency, i.e. implied to everyone. Categorical Imperative: A two told test requiring. There should not be a contradiction of a moral action universally with logical reasoning and consistency for all, judges, the action right. Human beings should not be treated as mere means. Actions, not universalized without contradiction are inconsistent with the idea of humanity. Pure moral philosophy: reason cannot be corrupted with empirical consideration. Summary: Duty and reason By Immanuel Kant From Great Traditions in Ethics Albert Denise Peterfreund

The Feeling of True Love :: Papers

The Feeling of True Love A palpable feeling in the air, anxiety for the babies to be born. As a little head starts to appear, it seems just like a phantasm that the babies are arriving, to the many people watching this birth. As the first baby appears, the new mother starts crying, so happy to have a new little girl to welcome into this world. Then as she unwillingly hands her new daughter to the nurse for cleaning up, she goes back into labor. She puts all of her effort, strength, and love into bringing her remaining child into this world. As the last toe comes out, the new mother of the twins sighs seeing her perfect baby boy with all his fingers and toes. As she holds the new twins close to her, she gives up her life to taking care of these two, with all of her love and affection. "Suzy and Bob," she murmurs. At the sight of their mother's kind eyes and open arms, the two infants fall in love with her. And this is just the beginning of their life of love. As they go from their first doctor appointment to the time when they turn eighteen months, they experience a lot of love. Every night their mom and dad come and tuck them into their individual wooden cribs. As the twins snuggle down under the warm pink and blue blankets, their mother kisses them on their forehead and whispers "I love you" into their delicate ears. Then their dad comes along, says "Good night, sleep tight," and kisses them as gently as any man with a beard could.

Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front †An Accurate Des

Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front – An Accurate Description of the Honors and Horrors of War Ellen Glasgow said, "Violence commands both literature and life.† Violence commands Erich Maria Remarque’s literature in his novel All Quiet on the Western Front. Remarque accurately depicts both the physical and mental repercussions of war. All Quiet on the Western Front should be read by all members of the Armed Forces for several reasons. First, the novel describes in detail the worst case scenarios associated with war. By being exposed to such a portrayal of war, unprepared citizens would be able to make better decisions regarding enlisting. Second, those citizens who do decide to enlist would be better prepared mentally for the mental horrors that occur after war. Finally, All Quiet on the Western Front sets a standard for the patriotism needed to serve one’s country and the consequential honor that comes with that patriotism. Perhaps the biggest argument for not mandating the reading of All Quiet on the Western Front is the possible decline in enlisting in the Armed Forces. Such an argument is moot, though. All Quiet merely depicts war as it actually is. In All Quiet, Remarque describes a moment of war by writing, â€Å"Everywhere wire-cutters are snapping, planks are thrown across the entanglements. . . the earth shudders, it crashes, smokes, and groans, we stumble over slippery lumps of flesh, over yielding bodies† (Remarque 117). The possibility of war is manifest in the duties of the military. Gulf War Veteran Alan Parks asserts, â€Å"If a man is going to be deterred from the military by the occurrences of war, he is not the type of man [one] would want defending [one’s country]† (Parks). By reading All Quiet ... ... feels after a war by saying, â€Å"While in the ‘spotlight,’ it is the single greatest feeling anyone could ever imagine† (Parks). Erich Maria Remarque’s novel All Quiet on the Western Front accurately describes both the horrors and honors of war. If the Armed Forces would require this novel to be read, more men would be better prepared for the feelings that await them in the military. By telling of the negative aspects of war, Remarque’s novel could successfully weed out those whom the army does not suit. By telling of the positive aspects of war, Remarque’s novel could encourage more men to join the military. Whether a man decides to join or not to join, Remarque’s novel can provide guidance in making the choice. Works Cited Parks, Alan. Personal interview. 3 April. 2001. Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine, 1956.

American Dream – American Beauty & Of Mice and Men

Although the roots of the American Dream are founded on opportunity for all, it has become an inaccessible illusion for most. John Steinbeck’s novella â€Å"Of mice and men† explores the fragility of this concept in a more modern context. Whereas Sam Mendez’s film â€Å"American Beauty† uses black comedy to highlight the allusive nature of the American dream that has become perverted by an affiant society. Both of these texts expose a reality that reveals the isolation and loneliness experienced from pursuing American dream. George and Lenny both shared â€Å"The American Dream† of owning their own small farm house. However they too were unable to grasp the reality when their dream became crushed by society’s expectations. ‘Some day – we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and –‘, George and Lenny constantly repeats this phrase continuously throughout the novella, as their personal ambition and aim. It was this specific phrase that allowed our two protagonists to differentiate from others, it gave our protagonists hope as they were unique from all other farm workers ‘Guys like us, that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. They come to a ranch an’ work up a stake and then they go inta town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know they’re poundin’ their tail on some other ranch’. Knowing that they were different from all other farm workers they motivated themselves to believe that they were able to obtain what others could not, as they were different from everyone else ‘They ain’t got nothing to look ahead to’ †¦ ‘But not us! ’ An’ why? Because †¦ Because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why’. Our two protagonists can closely compared with the mouse in Robert Burns Poem â€Å"To a Mouse†. The mouse within Burns poems lived on a farm very similar to Lennie and George. Through hard work the mouse creates a home, which was ultimately destroyed by the farmer. The rodents that Lennie often carried around symbolises how fragile they really were, being crushed by Lennie’s petting. The American Dream was supposedly founded on the belief that it was a dream for all and that everyone had an equal chance. However Steinbeck’s choice of emphasizing both the fragility and the selective nature of the American Dream crushes Lenny and George indefinitely. Steinbeck highlights the allusive nature of the American dream by using alienated and lonely characters who are shown to be unable to fulfil their dream. Crooks is a black man who was shunned from society merely because of his colour and race. Unable to belong with the rest of the other characters, he is often shown alone. When Lennie first confronts Crooks, Crook turned his vulnerability against Lennie and lied about George never returning, suggesting that George will never return. He plays a cruel game with Lennie, suggesting to him that George is gone for good. Only when Lennie threatens him with physical violence does he relent. Crooks exhibits the corrosive effects that loneliness can have on a person; his character evokes sympathy as the origins of his cruel behavior are made evident. Perhaps what Crooks wants more than anything else is a sense of belonging—to enjoy simple pleasures such as the right to enter the bunkhouse or to play cards with the other men. This desire would explain why, even though he has reason to doubt George and Lennie’s talk about the farm that they want to own, Crooks cannot help but ask if there might be room for him to come along and hoe in the garden. Similarly, Curly’s wife also had an ambition to be a movie star and famous. Near the start of the novella, Curly’s wife was shown to be a â€Å"tramp† or â€Å"tart†, however as the novella progresses, her lust for attention grows. This desire is shown by her confrontation with other men, even though Curly had told her not to. The lack of attention that the other characters and the story gave her is further emphasised by Steinbeck’s decision of disallowing her a name. Curly wife’s is also another character that demonstrated loneliness, however, unlike other characters, she had little significance. Similarly Sam Mendez also produces unique individuals within â€Å"American Beauty†, each having their own dreams and ambitions, to demonstrate the allusion that the American dream is for everyone. The Burnham’s in particular were bitter and confined even though they were shown to have â€Å"Everything†: a house, a car, a family. Even though the Burnhams had the depicted everything, they did not appear to be content with their life. Lester Burnham, the protagonist, has been slowly deteriorating from the typical patriarchal household. Lester is often showed to be confined within himself shut of from other characters. During the first office scene, Lester’s reflection upon the computer is shown behind green bars of text. Even Lester himself admits that he loser living the same boring life every day. At the beginning of the movie Lester starts of narrating, â€Å"In a way I’m dead already†. During the first dinner scene after Lester walks into the kitchen, Lester tells Jane â€Å"Sometimes Jane you don’t have to wait for me to come to you. You can come to me† however Jane’s response was different from the typical families creating a sunse of unrealistic expectation of what a family should be. When Lester is in the shower, he is also confined within the small shower cubicle. It wasn’t until Lester reverted back to the consumption of pot that he starts challenging everyone, breaking away from the accumulating confinement. At this point Lester breaks away from the facade that he was unworthy, gaining independence. Caroline on the other hand is taken in by the desire for success. Even though Caroline had everything that the American dream states, she continues to long for more. This shows how the American Dream is continuously filled with wants and desires. When Lester and Caroline were alone in the living room Caroline gets distracted by Lester nearly spilling beer on the coach. Lester tells her â€Å"This isn’t life. This is just stuff. And this stuff has become more important to you than living. † Both Mendez and Steinbeck imply through their texts that The American Dream is merely a facade and an allusion that anyone can obtain. However, the selective nature of the dream restricts various people from pursuing this happiness.

A Comparison Of Water Quality In Ponds Environmental Sciences Essay

Background information: – pollution is the chief job faced by today ‘s universe. The scientific definition of pollution is that it is the debut of contaminations into an environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or populating beings. Pollution can take the signifier of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; of course happening, are considered to be contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. The chief type of pollution faced by human existences in today ‘s universe viz. are air pollution, dirt pollution and H2O pollution. These pollution signifiers are chiefly caused due to human actions. Some causes are as follows point pollution is caused due to dumping of human resources into the H2O organic structure nevertheless it is a sensible pollution because it ca n be easy found out on where the pollution is caused, diffuse pollution nevertheless is n't a sensible pollution because it is unknown where the pollution starts from and in conclusion H2O pollution is caused by the release of some waste merchandises of life things and contaminations into the surface of overflow of the river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, waste H2O discharges i.e. drainage H2O, eutrophication and littering. Eutrophication is production of microorganisms and these micro-organisms consumes a batch of foods and O. Micro-organisms normally grow because they feed through chemicals like nitrate specifically therefore in other words they consume fertilisers. Water pollution affects the workss and beings populating in the H2O and in about all of the instances this harm affects in either ways non merely human population but besides the whole biological communities. H2O organic structures can be analyzed if it is polluted or non. Most of the sampl es nevertheless include proving of temperature, O steps, pH, and biodiversity of being in the H2O and conduction of H2O. Pond itself is divided into 3 chief substrate ‘s upper i.e. the surface of the pool in-between substrate and the lower substrate i.e. the land of the pool. In the experiment which is to be conducted will be a comparing between two pools viz. Arodes pool and Kritou terra pool for a existent apprehension of pool pollution in existent life. Purpose: – to look into and analyze the H2O quality by comparing two pools. Hypothesis: – Polluted pool will hold higher per centum of algal screen because of the presence of nitrate and toxic substances inside the pool which will take to higher per centum blooming of algae in contaminated H2O. Transparency of the contaminated pool will be less compared to uncontaminated pool because the presence of algae every bit good as the waste merchandises of homo in the pool which will take to a lessening in transparence of pool. Conductivity will be higher in contaminated pool because the dumping of harvest fertilisers i.e. presence of nitrates in the pool is higher. Oxygen handiness on the top degree is less in contaminated H2O compared to bottom of pool because of the presence of algae on top of H2O. The algae which is present on top of H2O consumes a batch of O during photosynthesis. Oxygen handiness at the underside is higher in uncontaminated H2O compared to exceed degree of pool because beings at the underside are less compared to exceed degree. Oxygen handiness of uncontaminated is more compared to contaminated H2O due to the presence of more algae in H2O. Temperature at the top of the uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than that of the underside this is because sunlight hits on top of the H2O moreover due to the presence of beings that feed on each other or dices are at the underside of the pool added this algae which is present at the surface of both pools absorbs a batch of heat energy and the sunshine which has entree at the underside is trapped at the underside doing the surface of the H2O ice chest when compared to bottom. Temperature recorded in contaminated pool when both underside and surface substrate ‘s are added should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because this chiefly depends on the per centum of algae i.e. how much algae is present that hot it is. The pH of contaminated H2O should be higher or in other words basic or more alkalic because of the physique of decomposed waste of animate beings and worlds compared to uncontaminated H2O. There will be less biodiversity of being in contaminated H2O because being can non last in contaminated H2O i.e. organisms find it difficult to accommodate or populate in the pool. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O is higher because algal screen demands nitrate to feed. Variables: Dependent variables: -diversity of species -percentage screen of algae -conductivity of pool ( i? ­S ) -dimension of the pool Independent variables: -temperature ( oC ) -sunlight -presence of algae -season -nitrate degree -oxygen degree both at top and underside ( mg/l ) Controlled variables: -area sampled ( site ) -method of trying -sweep cyberspace Material required: -sweep net -20ml phial -conductivity metre ( i? ­S ) -zinc pulverization -ammonium chloride -10ml phial -nitrate tablet -photometer -bowl -identifying sheet -pH metre -oxygen metre -data aggregation sheet -one forcep -one amplifying glass -two spoons -two pipettes Procedure: – When the first pool is reached before the experiment is carried out first baseball mitts are worn. Then with the stuffs provided the bowl is filled with pool H2O. Later, with the aid of the sweep cyberspace provided samples are collected and emptied into the bowl filled with pool H2O. However, When roll uping the samples with sweep net the cyberspace should make the four ( 4 ) substrate of the pool i.e. the following – surface of the pool, in-between substrate of the pool, underside of the pool and in conclusion the walls of the pool. By taking this method of sample aggregation the person could obtain all beings that live in all four substrate of the pool. Organisms which are emptied into the bowl are identified with the aid of placing sheet. These identified beings are recorded into the entering sheet provided. This process is being repeated five ( 5 ) more times and recorded in the recording sheet. This process is followed by mensurating the conduction of the pool with the aid of conduction metre. The detector of the conduction metre is placed inside the pool and the readings of the proctor is recorded into the sheet. After conduction of the pool is recorded oxygen handiness on top of the pool every bit good as underside is recorded with the aid O metre. The detector of the O metre us paced individually at the underside so at the top the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the sheet. This is followed by the measuring temperature of the H2O on top every bit good as underside through temperature metre and the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the recording sheet. Besides, per centum of algal screen in the pool is besides estimated and recorded. Before go forthing the first country sample of the H2O in the pool is filled into 20 ml phial. When the 2nd pool is reached the same process which were followed in the first pool are repeated and recorded into the sheet provided. As in the first pool sample of H2O in the pool was filled into another 20 milliliter phial. These two samples of 20 milliliters vial are subsequently taken to lab and tested for per centum of nitrate presence in both pools individually. Into the 20ml vial Zn pulverization and ammonium chloride is added and shaked for one ( 1 ) minute carefully. Then the reagent present indoors 20ml vial is left undisturbed for the mixture to be settle down. Later nitricol tablet is crushed and added into 10 ml phial followed by the solution present indoors 20 ml phial is added into 10 ml phial. It is left to fade out. Then the per centum of the reading is taken by utilizing photometer. The reading of the photometer is recorded in the sheet. Datas processing: – Harmonizing to the informations collected from two pool viz. Arodes pool and kritou terra pool the consequence can be deduced that pool Arodes is more contaminated whereas pool kritou terra is uncontaminated, the chief ground for the decision will be explained by mentioning to the observation seen in both sites. When comparing the difference between the Numberss of being in two different pool, where entire figure of persons in Arodes pool is 55 and entire figure of persons in kritou terra pool is 103. This shows that kritou terra provides suited conditions for being to prolong their life in the pool. However, some of the organisms nowadays in both Arodes pool and kritou terra pool might impact adversely every bit good as affirmatively the wellness of other beings populating in pool every bit good as the H2O status. Hence wise, some beings serve as an index of uncontaminated H2O whereas some service as contaminated Waterss index. Table # 3 beings classified as indexs of contaminated and uncontaminated Contaminated H2O ( Arodes pool ) indexs Uncontaminated H2O ( kritou terra pool ) indexs Flatworm Darter darning needle nymph Frog Hawker dragonfly nymph Meniscus midge pupa Ostracoda Speciess Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) Swiming dayfly nymph Water beetles and larvae True worms Water touch–Water snails–Entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in kritou terra pool is 36 whereas entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in Arodes pool is 1. Darter darning needle nymph is an index of uncontaminated H2O. They thrive in contaminated H2O that supports plentifulness of submerged and emergent flora. These provide egg laying and outgrowth sites every bit good as shelter. Many species besides require some unfastened H2O. They tend to prefer state of affairss that are unfastened to sunlight with some shelter from strong air currents. Harmonizing to the analyses of table # 3 it is observed that darning needles largely act as an index of uncontaminated H2O. Flatworm, semilunar cartilage midge pupa and non-biting midge larva are parasitic in nature which is why they largely tend to populate in contaminated country. Since they need to drive foods from dead affairs host and this largely can be done in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, meniscus midge pupa needs algae for shelter and per centum screen of algae must be higher in contaminated H2O. Frogs nevertheless are present more in contaminated H2O because toads eat touchs, worms and snails therefore harmonizing to the informations collected the figure of touchs, snails and worms are found more in pool Arodes instead than pool in Kritou terra. Mayflies, beetles, touchs and snails require clean, uncontaminated H2O that is by and large good oxygenated. Infact, they are one of the first aquatic being that disappear when H2O pollution occurs. Table # 4 per centum wise organisms nowadays in Arodes pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in Arodes poolDarter darning needle nymph 1.82 % Flatworm 5.46 % Frog 9.09 % Mosquito fish 20 % Meniscus midge pupa 1.82 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 40 % True worms 1.82 % Water beetles and larvae 9.09 % Water touch 5.46 % Water snail 5.46 % Table # 5 per centum wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in kritou terra poolDarter darning needle nymph 35 % Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 % Leechs 4.86 % Mosquito fish 3.88 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 % Ostracoda 1 % Swiming dayfly nymph 12.62 % True worms 36 % Water snail 2 % Table # 6 per centum wise species present both in Arodes and kritou terra pool harmonizing to group 5 recordingsSpeciessPercentage wise organisms nowadays in Arodes poolPercentage wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra poolNon-biting midge larva 95.46 % 16.67 % Swiming dayfly nymph 0 % 58.34 % True worms 0 % 16.67 % Water snail 0 % 8.33 % Meniscus midge pupa 4.55 % 0 % Temperature on top of the contaminated pool ( Arodes pool ) was observed to be 17.97i‚ °C whereas as in the same pool temperature at the underside was observed to be 18.10i‚ °C the grounds depend on many factors. The surface of Arodes pool is covered with algae. Normally algae grows on 2 juncture. First, due to the presence of nitrate used in agricultural field and in conclusion presence of important sum of sunshine. When sunlight hits on Arodes pool it passes through all 3 substrates of the pool. Algae which is present on the surface of the pool absorbs immense sum of sunshine to turn and pin down the heat energy which is going from top of pool to bottom. Added to the heat which is trapped at the underside, beings which are populating in the pool besides increase the heat energy. Speciess in contaminated H2O are normally micro beings and they live at the underside of the pool moreover organisms that dice in the pool get settled at the underside of the pool therefore this being which feed on dead affairs can merely obtaining 10 % of the energy the remainder 90 % is wasted either in heat signifier, feaces and parts which are non soluble by other beings. Hence from this 90 % of energy which is given out as heat energy adds up to heat energy and since all this heat accurate at the underside of the pool the temperature of pool at the underside is higher than that of the underside of the contaminated pool. However, when temperature both on top every bit good as underside of Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) and kritou terra pool ( uncontaminated pool ) are added up and compared i.e. pool Arodes has 36.07i‚ °C as temperature and pool kritou terra has 34.21i‚ °C as temperature. It is observed that there is a important fluctuation this is chiefly because pool in kritou terra is covered with trees hence it is fly-by-night which does n't let a batch of sunshine to make the pool doing it colder compared to Arodes pool. Furthermore, Arodes p ool did n't hold any shadiness or trees environing the pool hence it was heater. Oxygen handiness chiefly depends on few factors. In Arodes pool O handiness at the bottom 8.15mg/l was observed to be less compared to exceed 8.27mg/l this is because at the surface of the pool algae is present which continuously perform photosynthesis during daytime on the other manus at the underside of the pool there are legion type of species which continuously inhale O and give out C dioxide to keep their life. This status leads to a lessening in handiness of O at the underside when compared to exceed. Oxygen handiness on top of the kritou terra pool 8.28mg/l was observed to be less compared to bottom 8.55mg/l this is because beings at the underside of kritou terra pool is less i.e. beings in this pool were normally seen inside algae or in other word at the surface of the pool which lead the O handiness at the top of the pool to diminish nevertheless added to this since kritou terra pool is covered with shadiness it could n't acquire adequate sunlight hence algae could n't execute photosynthesis. Furthermore when the information ‘s of two pools are added up and compared i.e. Arodes pool had 16.42mg/l O degree and kritou terra pool had 16.83mg/l as O degree hence Arodes pool has less oxygen handiness compared to kritou terra pool because the per centum screen of algae in contaminated H2O is 49 % which is about twice more than that of kritou terra pool of merely 28 % of algae screen on H2O. However added to this kritou terra is covered with trees which enables full entree of su nshine to the pool impacting algae which is executing photosynthesis besides the informations taken in both countries were far by each other hence way of light beams are non dependable. Furthermore, many factors of seasonal alterations in temperature and light strength influences oxygen handiness through the photosynthesis activity. In Arodes pool pH value of H2O was observed to be 7.65 whereas kritou terra had pH value of 7.64. Harmonizing to the information there is n't much difference in value nevertheless pH value of Arodes pool is somewhat more basic/ alkaline. The pH value of impersonal H2O has to be 7 this happens because the chemical expression of H2O which is H2O it is the combination of OH- and H+ ions. Hence the presence of anion and cation neutralizes the pH value. Therefore, if the pH value is alkalic OH- is more than H+ . However the chief ground for the consequence of Arodes pool to be more alkaline is because of the presence of sedimentations of homo, works and carnal waste. Conduction of Arodes pool 1417 i? ­S is observed to be higher so kritou terra pool 520i? ­S this is because of presence of nitrate ions in Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) is higher. Furthermore, added to this the country where the pool was situated in both countries affected the consequence massively for case the H2O channel of Arodes pool base on ballss downward all the manner through houses, carnal sheds and harvest Fieldss of small town whereas kritou terra pools H2O channel does non go through through harvest Fieldss besides the geographic nature and channel manner is non similar to Arodes pool i.e. Arodes small towns H2O channel is traveling from high degree ( houses and harvest field ) to bottom degree of land. The H2O channel passes through harvest Fieldss and in harvest Fieldss fertilisers and minerals are used to back up workss growing added to this H2O channel animate beings and worlds waste are besides passed to little channels in Arodes pool hence this manner the co nduction of Arodes has higher conduction value compared to kritou terra. Turbidity of Arodes pool was observed to be murkier compared to kritou terra. The H2O of the Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) was murkier because it is polluted. All waste stuffs and more per centum of algae get accumulated in this pool nevertheless Kritou terra even though being unpolluted when compared to Arodes it was somewhat cloudy since it is surrounded with verdure the radioactive dust foliage from trees added to this algae per centum and besides it is close to land degree makes dust to come in into the pool doing the pool somewhat murky. Algae per centum of Arodes pool was observed to be 49 % whereas algae per centum of kritou terra pool was observed to be 20 % . The chief ground for the algae to be present more in Arodes pool chiefly depends on nitrate degree, conduction and temperature since all three of the factors are higher in Arodes pool. This leads to an addition in algae per centum in the country. Chiefly algae grows more with supply of foods for specific algae ‘s. The nitrate degree of Arodes pool 48 mg/l was observed to be more compared to kritou terra pool 0.26 mg/l. The chief ground for this is because Arodes pool H2O channel passes through many farm Fieldss. In farm Fieldss manure/fertilizers are used for back uping workss growing. Fertilizers has chemical elements like N ( N ) , phosphate ( P ) and K ( K ) hence these chemicals get assorted with H2O channels. Since, Arodes H2O channel is holding slanting land type and go throughing through harvest Fieldss nitrate flat gets assorted with H2O channel in Arodes is more. On the other manus, kritou terra H2O channel does n't go through through many harvest Fieldss nevertheless it has small bite of nitrate present because of waste stuffs and trees present. Simpson ‘s diverseness D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) Where N is the entire figure of being of a peculiar species N is the entire figure of beings of all species Table # 7 Simpson ‘s diverseness of Arodes poolSpeciess found in Arodes poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 1 0 Flatworm 3 6 Frog 5 20 Mosquito fish 11 110 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 22 462 True worms 1 0 Water beetles 5 20 Water touch 3 6 Water snail 3 6Entire55630D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = 630. = . 630. a†°? 0.212 55 ( 55-1 ) 2970 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 / D a†°? 0.788 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem. Table # 8 Simpson ‘s diverseness of kritou terra poolSpeciess found in kritou terra poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 36 1260 Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 2 Leechs 5 20 Mosquito fish 4 12 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 6 Ostracoda 1 0 Swiming dayfly nymph 13 156 True worms 37 1332 Water snail 2 2Entire1032790D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 2790. = . 2790. a†°? 0.266 103 ( 103-1 ) 10506 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 -D a†°? 0.734 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem nevertheless has more species compared to Arodes pool Table # 9 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 Arodes pool Speciess found in Arodes pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 21 420 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0Entire22420D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 420. = . 420. a†°? 1 22 ( 22-1 ) 462 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1- D a†°? 0 This value implies that samples diverseness is less i.e. 2 species are merely found. Table # 10 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 in kritou terra pool Speciess found in kritou terra pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 2 2 Swiming dayfly nymph 7 42 True worms 2 2 Water snail 1 0Entire1246D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 46. = . 46. a†°? 0.349 12 ( 12-1 ) 132 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 – D a†°? 0.652 This value implies that more beings are present and this diverseness is heterogenous. Decision: – Harmonizing to the informations collected Arodes pool was observed to be the contaminated pool and kritou terra pool was observed to be uncontaminated pool. However, harmonizing to the hypothesis polluted pool should hold more per centum screen of algae over the surface of pool because algae normally feeds on nitrate, waste stuffs of beings and toxic substances. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O should be more because of the presence of urea and chemicals used in agricultural field. Furthermore, transparence of the contaminated H2O should be cloudy because of the presence of algae screen and all waste stuffs get accumulated in the pool this leads to a lessening in transparence and H2O to be cloudy. Likewise, due to the accretion of nitrate and other types of minerals which are present inside the feaces of organisms lead the H2O to be alimentary rich i.e. polluted pool will hold high value of conduction. Furthermore, oxygen level on the surface of contaminated H2O is less compared to bottom this is because of the presence of algae i.e. since algae uses a batch of O during photosynthesis. However, in uncontaminated H2O O degree nowadays at the underside of pool is higher compared to the surface because beings in uncontaminated pool at the underside were less compared to the organisms nowadays at the surface but added to this when the information was analyzed since the pool was covered with verdure algae nowadays on top of the uncontaminated pool can non execute photosynthesis as compared to polluted. Furthermore, when both O degrees were compared with each other uncontaminated pool was holding less oxygen handiness when compared to polluted country because of the presence of algae. Temperature nowadays at the surface of uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than the temperature at the underside of the pool because when the sunshine hit ‘s the surface of H2O and due to the presence of beings which feed on each other or dices are at the bottom h ence this effects the temperature besides added to this algae which is at the surface grows with sunshine and covers the pool this leads the heat to acquire trapped at the underside and it ca n't get away outside the pool since it is bottom. Temperature recorded both at the underside and the surface are added contaminated H2O should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because of the presence of more algae since more algae absorb high sum of sunshine doing the pool hotter compared to uncontaminated. Furthermore, pH of the contaminated H2O should be more alkalic compared to uncontaminated because nitrate degree is higher in contaminated pool added to this all decomposed wastes of animate beings and worlds are dumped degree should be higher in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, biodiversity of beings in contaminated H2O is less compared to uncontaminated H2O because nitrate degree is less in uncontaminated H2O since nitrate degree is harmful to organism there is less organisms in contaminate d H2O added to this non much nutrient is available in contaminated H2O hence they ca n't accommodate to this difficult conditions. Evaluation: – One of the chief beginning of mistake in H2O quality is that during the experiment was conducted the figure or in other words per centums of algae covering the pool by inherent aptitudes of an person which is highly inaccurate because experiment was done by appraisal of algae. Another mistake was that group might miss-identify a coinage and that would besides do the consequence more inaccurate. Some of the organisms inhabit inside algae therefore it is difficult for beings to happen, moreover this being which live inside algae are microscopic. However some other beings which are large for case toad could non be hold in a cup and be counted which might take to miss-count i.e. twice it could be counted. Furthermore, nitrate tablet trial was non done by first manus by the pupil alternatively it was performed by instructors. Furthermore, there was accurately 2 hours difference between the two parts therefore the sunlight beams change way interim. Some of the betterments which could be ma de is by following a different method for bettering and doing a more accurate consequence for case spliting the appraisal and appraisal could be done in a grid signifier hence this manner it could be more accurate. Furthermore the expanse cyberspaces which are to be provided has to be checked before utilizing or else beings can get away. Besides, the two countries has to be closer at least 1 hr off. The nitrate trial could be performed in forepart of the pupils. However with the significance of the field trip and its benefit posed on all pupils were utilizable. Furthermore, larning things in a field by really sing, experiencing touching it with first manus was really good cognition to cognize about H2O quality home ground, ecology and biological science. Graph: Comparison of abiotic factors in two pools by country ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool ) Comparison of figure of species in both pool ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool )